FUNDAMENTALS OF TAXATION 101

 

This essay will examine the various taxation schemes governments have devised to fund their parasitic existence, and to fund their operations, both desirable and undesirable. In addition we will examine who pays for this largess, and show that with little exception all taxes are paid by the consumer.

To begin with it is desirable to categorize taxes into two groups, direct and visible taxes, and indirect and invisible taxes. The first group includes, among others, point of sale taxes, title taxes, excise taxes, real estate taxes, property taxes in general, and of course income and payroll taxes. The second group includes inflating the currency, tariffs, sales taxes that are embedded in the price, and oddly also all of the direct taxes, including income taxes. This latter point is little appreciated and the major impetus for this essay.

The fact that virtually all of group one taxes directly affect the price of goods and services purchased in the market leaves little doubt that these taxes are paid by the consumer. They either reduce the amount of money that the consumer has to spend in the market place, or they increase the price of the goods and services the consumer buys. The direct taxes are plainly visible and can be understood by every consumer that is affected.

On the other hand the indirect and invisible taxes require considerably more time and thinking to appreciate how much is paid and by whom. These taxes deserve a more thorough discussion.

Inflation of the money supply is only possible in the case of fiat currencies. Unfortunately virtually all of the major currencies in the world are now fiat currencies and can be increased at will by the controlling governments. In the case of the U. S. and the dollar, this is accomplished by the Federal Reserve, which is supposed to be independent of the government but is in fact a creation of the Federal Government and therefore ultimately under its control. Thus creation of more money by the U. S. government is not only possible but has been used more and more to cover deficits between income and spending. This is a tax on everyone that uses dollars in that the extra money created and spent by the government drives up dollar prices for everyone else.

President Trump has reintroduced tariffs, i.e. taxes on imported goods, both for income for the government and as a economic weapon against foreign countries. Tariffs can increase prices of imported goods to compensate for the increased prices of domestically produced goods due to various taxes paid by domestic producers, but in that case tariffs are paid by the U. S. consumer. However, if the foreign importer has enjoyed a windfall profit by pricing his goods the same as the domestic producer, he can eat some or all of the tariff. Unfortunately the American consumer still pays the same elevated price, but in a real sense the importer is paying the tariff.

In the U. S. most sales taxes are only applied on final retail sales, so the embedded sales tax is mostly irrelevant here. However, ALL the direct taxes – real estate taxes, retail sales taxes on capital expenditures, income and payroll taxes, etc. – that are paid by every U. S. entity involved in getting the goods and services to the consumer are also embedded in the price and are therefore paid by the consumer both in and out of the country.

This last point is the main takeaway from this essay. Every American that contributes to making goods and services available to the market has to include all the taxes he pays in his price for his contribution to net a desired or necessary profit to support his existence. Thus the fundamental fact is that the consumer pays virtually all the taxes, not the worker making the product, not the corporation he works for, not the rich ;individual who owns the corporation that the socialist claims will pay, not even the trucker who delivers and the retailer who sells the product. All of these pay taxes only to the extent that each of these consumes the goods in the marketplace. The consumer pays either by sales, excise, tariffs, etc. taxes embedded in the prices of the goods and services he buys, or by losing buying power with the income, real estate, personal property, etc. direct taxes he pays. Even the parasitic welfarite that lives off of government largess has his or her consumption reduced by the price increases representing the taxes added.

The principle presented in the last paragraph is why the Income Tax is such a bad idea, and why replacing it with a National Sales Tax is greatly preferred. Even if such a tax would be at a rate to replace the Income Tax revenue to the government, the consumer would not be paying more that he does now since he pays it all anyway. In fact, by eliminating the gargantuan IRS empire and the indirect costs to business of complying with the insanity of the Income Tax code, one would expect that effectively the consumer would pay less. It is almost impossible to put a number on the indirect costs referred to here, especially since currently every business decision is made worrying about the tax considerations. No wonder Marx listed a graduated income tax as a major tool in destroying a country.

One last consideration as to why the Income Tax is a terrible idea. The contribution of the Income Tax to the price of all goods manufactured in this country makes a major contribution to why American exports are non-competitive in world markets. This burden cannot be offset with tariffs or the like, and the elimination of such would go much further than tariffs to make the U. S. a dominant economic player in the world markets.

Years ago Milton Friedman stated the principle that the total taxes that a government takes in must equal the total expenditures. The U. S. government does not really operate with a 'deficit'; it just collects that part of its income from the indirect and invisible taxes. This author would add the principle discussed above that all taxes are ultimately paid by the consumer. These two principles should allow taxes to be understood in spite of all the noise surrounding the subject.

Why The Income Tax Must Go

Rahm Emanuel is known in part for his adage "never let a serious crisis go to waste".  The unprecedented crisis in the United States that the coronavirus COVID-19 has brought upon us may be an opportunity to correct a glaring problem with the U.S. tax structure.

One of the corrections needed in U.S. overall philosophy that most have been made painfully aware of because of the coronavirus is the need to reduce our dependence on foreign sources of critical needs, especially on countries that have overtly stated their hostility to America. The general wisdom on the subject is that it is the greed of large corporations that has led to so much outsourcing of the goods and services that we consume. Where less than a century ago the US was the undisputed leader in production of most goods and services, today we don't even produce much of our medical or military needs. This is insane and dangerous.

The rarely mentioned factor in the impetus for the outsourcing and offshoring of production is the U.S. tax structure. In particular, the Income Tax is a huge contributor to the reason that the American Worker cannot compete with low cost foreign labor. The added costs to every product made in the USA due to income taxes paid by both the worker and the business that he works for make his product less competitive both in the domestic market and in foreign markets. Any superiority in the efficiency and productivity of the American worker is canceled by the income tax burden that must be included in the price of American goods.

There are many ways to view the undesirability of the Income Tax. On the philosophical side, the Income Tax is a tax on productivity and investment, both of which one should want to encourage, not penalize. The Income Tax is a tax on labor, not product, and thus can be viewed as penalizing the American worker relative to not only the foreign worker, but also illegal 'under the table' workers and even automation.

The costs of maintaining the infrastructure that is necessary for the free market to exist in this country is paid by the citizens of the country, but not by foreigners that participate in our markets for nothing. Instead of foreign interests paying their fair share, that cost is shouldered by U.S. citizens, primarily with the Income Tax. and in effect makes their products more expensive in both domestic and foreign markets.

Another downside of the Income Tax is the detrimental effect that it has on business economic decisions. How many times have you heard someone say "I have to consider the tax implications", or "I need a loss". This is magnified by the many special rules that the lobby driven political class has embedded in the tax code. One wonders if the productivity of American businesses wouldn't explode if the stupidities of the Income Tax were purged.

Then there is the problem of whether to tax gross or net income. It's pretty obvious that taxing gross income would be a total disaster, since anyone that was in the business of reselling a product would have to have a markup greater than the tax rate to make any net profit. But that leaves the problem of defining net income, a task beyond mere mortals, and especially those that try. And even if it could be done fairly, it requires massive bookkeeping to compute net income to tax. This bookkeeping burden further adds to the cost to the American producer.

One last indictment of the Income Tax in the U.S. Since we have a fiat currency that our unscrupulous government is inflating at a non-trivial rate, the Income Tax treats any increase in currency based value as a taxable capital gain. Return on investment in the form of interest or dividends are taxed at the marginal rate such that one must get a return of more than the inflation rate plus the tax on that fictitious gain to not be losing value. Inflation and income taxes are not compatible and the one that is worse is the Income Tax.

Instead of taxing and therefore penalizing labor and investment with the Income Tax, it makes much better sense to tax the product with a retail consumption tax. It taxes foreign products at the same rate as domestic products, thus taxing a $30,000 car made in Japan, Mexico or Detroit the same. It has the same effect on foreign goods as a tariff, without the appearance of a punitive penalty. At the same time, the exported domestic goods are not burdened with the US consumption tax and therefore are more competitive in foreign markets.

Thus in the midst of a health and economic disaster Americans have a historic opportunity to at least try to improve their government. The income tax, a treachery so heinous that it required amending the Constitution (the 16th Amendment) to be legal, could be temporarily eliminated. One could further hope that the wisdom of such an improvement was sufficiently apparent to promptly re-amend the Constitution to eliminate the possibility of it reappearing.

The 'Fair Tax' bill (H.R.25 - Fair Tax Act of 2019) does an excellent job of laying out the case for a sales tax to replace the disastrous income tax. But it's not going to happen unless the rank and file citizen becomes sufficiently convinced that it's not only a good thing, but that it's virtually required to avoid an untimely demise of the United States as the world economic leader. One of the unfortunate characteristics of the average American is that his/her response to everything is "what's in it for me". This is despicable, but it is a fact of life that must be faced. Every American needs to study the problem, convince himself that there is something in it for them (unless they're politicians or tax lawyers), and then help get the word out.

The Internet is deluged with jokes and other garbage passing from coast to coast like wildfire. Let's make use of this phenomena to pressure Congress to pass the single most important piece of legislation that's come along since the ill considered stupidity that proposed the 16th Amendment in the first place.